Journal of Reproducible Research

The Influence of Strategic Leadership on Customer Retention: The Mediating Role of E-Service Quality

Yousef Alruwaili — 2025-08-27

This study examines the influence of strategic leadership on customer retention within Saudi Telecom Company (STC), with a particular focus on the mediating role of e-service quality. Adopting a quantitative, deductive research design, the study utilized a survey instrument and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the relationships between these constructs. The findings reveal that both strategic leadership and e-service quality have significant direct effects on customer retention, underscoring the critical role of leadership practices and digital service excellence in fostering customer loyalty. However, the study found no significant mediating effect of e-service quality on the relationship between strategic leadership and customer retention. These results suggest that leadership practices in STC may influence customer retention through other mechanisms beyond e-service quality. The research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from the Saudi telecommunications sector, reinforcing the importance of leadership and service quality in retaining customers. The study also highlights the need for ongoing innovation in digital service offerings to remain competitive. Limitations of the study include its focus on a single organization and reliance on self-reported data, suggesting avenues for future research to explore additional mediators and extend the analysis across different industries.

The Impact of Annual Evaluations on School Administration Performance: A Systematic Review

falaih alshammari — 2025-11-13

Annual evaluations have become a central mechanism for improving educational quality and ensuring institutional accountability, particularly in the context of recent educational reforms in Saudi Arabia. These reforms emphasize evaluation systems that not only measure school administration performance but also promote staff development and strengthen leadership practices. The effectiveness of such evaluations, however, depends largely on their implementation and their impact on staff motivation. This study systematically reviews the relationship between annual evaluations and school administration performance in Saudi Arabia, with particular attention to the mediating role of staff motivation. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, a rigorous selection and analysis process was applied to studies published between 2020 and 2025, encompassing academic articles, dissertations, and policy documents. A total of 30 peer-reviewed studies, employing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, were included. The findings reveal that well-structured and transparent evaluation systems positively influence administrative effectiveness and teacher motivation, especially when coupled with clear communication, constructive feedback, and active leadership engagement. Motivation plays a significant mediating role, linking appraisal practices to improvements in teaching quality and overall organizational performance. On the other hand, evaluations perceived as punitive or biased tend to demoralize staff and hinder collaboration. Key factors contributing to successful outcomes include leadership style, participatory decision-making, and clarity of institutional goals. When designed as developmental and inclusive processes, annual evaluations can significantly enhance school administration performance by fostering motivation, professional growth, and leadership engagement. Aligning these systems with national strategic initiatives such as Vision 2030 offers a pathway to sustained improvement, transparency, and educational excellence. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of motivation and leadership dynamics on the success of evaluation practices in Saudi educational institutions.

Effects of Monetary and Non –Monetary Factors on Employee Retention in the Nigerian Private Universities

Ebiwari Apulu — 2025-06-06

This study examines the determinants of employee retention within Nigerian private universities, with a particular focus on the roles of monetary and non-monetary incentives. The research delves into how salary structures, benefits packages, recognition and awards, professional development opportunities and work environment influence staff retention. A quantitative approach was adopted, analyzing survey responses from various faculty members across a selection of Nigerian private universities. The findings suggested that factors like salary structure, benefits package and opportunities for professional development have a more influential role in employee retention, compared to work environment or recognition and rewards. The study contributes to theoretical frameworks by applying Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory offering insights into the nuanced effects of retention strategies. The practical implications suggest that Nigerian private universities should implement comprehensive HR strategies that go beyond financial rewards to include supportive work environments and recognition systems to improve retention. These findings serve as a guide for policy formulation and the development of retention programs in the higher education sector.

Systematic literature review on sustainable human resource management

mohammad alzoori — 2025-10-13

This study presents a systematic literature review of Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM), focusing on 42 peer-reviewed quantitative studies published between 2015 and 2025. The objective is to identify key constructs, empirical outcomes, theoretical frameworks, and contextual variables that define and influence SHRM. The review reveals that SHRM has evolved into a multidimensional approach integrating environmental, social, and ethical considerations into core HR functions. Central constructs such as employee retention, job satisfaction, well-being, and pro-environmental behavior emerge as primary outcomes linked to green and sustainable HR practices. Theoretical underpinnings are dominated by frameworks such as the Resource-Based View, Social Exchange Theory, and the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity model, although a need for theoretical integration is evident. Contextual factors, such as organizational size, leadership style, and digital infrastructure, are found to moderate the effectiveness of SHRM initiatives. The review also identifies significant research gaps, including limited longitudinal studies, underrepresentation of Global South contexts, and insufficient exploration of digital HRM tools. Overall, the findings highlight SHRM’s growing relevance as a strategic enabler of organizational sustainability, offering a foundation for future research and practice in sustainable workforce management.

A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Total Quality Management and IT Alignment on Human Resource Development: The Mediating Role of Learning Agility in Saudi Educational Institutions

Somaya Al-Hajjouj — 2025-08-21

This paper proposes an extended conceptual framework that investigates the mediating role of learning agility in the relationship between Total Quality Management (TQM), IT alignment, and Human Resource Development (HRD) within Saudi educational institutions. With Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 aiming to elevate the education sector into a globally competitive, knowledge-driven industry, the emphasis on integrating advanced management practices such as TQM and IT alignment has become paramount. Both TQM and IT alignment are recognized as critical enablers of HRD, yet there is limited understanding of how these elements interact synergistically. This study also highlights the role of employee learning agility as a key mediator, which amplifies the effectiveness of TQM and IT alignment on HR outcomes by fostering adaptability and continuous learning. By addressing the unique challenges faced by Saudi educational institutions particularly in aligning technological strategies with quality management practices this framework provides valuable insights for educational policymakers, administrators, and HR practitioners. Recommendations are made for fostering learning agility and aligning organizational strategies to improve HRD outcomes, thereby supporting the overarching goals of Saudi Vision 2030.

Consumer-Based Brand Equity of the Beijing International Film Festival: Constructing and Validating an Integrated Brand Perception Theory

Lei Yao — 2025-11-13

This study investigates the factors influencing Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) of the Beijing International Film Festival (BJIFF) through the development of an Integrated Brand Perception Theory (IBPT) and its corresponding measurement scale. The research model identifies five key variables: Brand Image (BIE), Brand Awareness (BAS), Perceived Value (PVE), Service Quality (SQY), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which together form the foundation of consumers' overall perception of the brand. These dimensions are hypothesized to influence intermediary variables such as Customer Satisfaction (CSN) and Brand Trust (BTT), which, in turn, determine CBBE. The study employs the Delphi method for expert judgment and conducts exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to assess the validity of the scale. The results indicate that the model is valid, with the nine extracted factors explaining 85.001% of the variance. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of COVID-19 (IC19) as an intermediary variable in the short term, suggesting that it may be excluded from future studies post-pandemic. This research provides both theoretical contributions by integrating various brand perception dimensions and practical insights for film festival organizers aiming to enhance brand equity. The findings are applicable not only to BJIFF but also to other international film festivals, offering a comprehensive framework for future research in the domain of cultural event branding.

Renewable Energy Adoption among SMEs: System Literature Review

Adel alsharari — 2025-09-08

The transition to renewable energy is a critical component of global efforts to mitigate climate change, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and advance sustainable development. Small and medium-sized enterprises, which make up the majority of businesses worldwide, play a central role in this transition due to their combined environmental impact and significant contribution to economic activity. Despite growing awareness of clean energy solutions, the rate of renewable energy adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises remains highly uneven across sectors and regions. This study conducts a systematic literature review of forty-three peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2025 to examine the key factors influencing renewable energy adoption in this sector. The review identifies four primary motivators: long-term cost savings, energy reliability, environmental responsibility, and alignment with regulatory or market expectations. Major obstacles include limited financial capacity, high capital costs, technological complexity, and policy instability. The study also highlights the importance of mediating and moderating factors such as government support, leadership commitment, industry dynamics, and the involvement of external consultants. The findings emphasize the need for integrated policy frameworks and targeted support mechanisms to enable broader and more equitable participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in the global renewable energy transition.

The Determinants of Clinical Competency; A Systematic Review

badria Barnawi — 2025-11-25

Clinical competency is a fundamental requirement in nursing and healthcare education, ensuring that practitioners possess the necessary knowledge, technical skills, decision-making abilities, and professional behaviors to deliver safe and effective patient care. With recent transformations in healthcare delivery such as the expansion of technology, the adoption of simulation-based learning, the evolution of clinical environments, and rising workforce demands the need to understand the factors influencing competency development has become increasingly urgent across diverse settings. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on the determinants of clinical competency among nurses, nursing students, and other healthcare trainees, focusing on behavioral, organizational, educational, and contextual influences. A systematic search of major academic databases was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, targeting studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies were screened based on relevance, methodological rigor, and alignment with the review’s objectives. Data extraction emphasized study characteristics, determinants of clinical competency, and associated outcomes, with a literature review matrix developed to identify common patterns. Findings indicate that clinical competency is shaped by multiple interrelated factors. Behavioral determinants such as self-efficacy, confidence, digital readiness, psychological empowerment, and motivation were found to play a significant role. Organizational and environmental elements including leadership style, clinical learning conditions, staffing levels, work environments, and opportunities for professional development also had a strong impact on competency. Furthermore, educational strategies such as simulation, e-learning, competency-based curricula, and structured mentoring consistently contributed to the development of clinical skills. Higher competency levels were associated with better job performance, reduced burnout, enhanced clinical judgment, improved patient safety, and greater professional satisfaction. Overall, clinical competency emerges as a dynamic and multifaceted construct, evolving through the interaction of personal attributes, organizational support, and innovative educational practices. Strengthening competency in healthcare professionals requires integrated approaches that promote lifelong learning, supportive leadership, effective training, and healthy work environments. These findings provide a comprehensive foundation for guiding policies and practices aimed at fostering a competent, confident, and resilient healthcare workforce.

Determinants of Smoking Initiation and Cessation in Populations with a Heavy Smoking History; Conceptual Framework

Fatemah ALShakhs — 2025-07-24

This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of smoking initiation and cessation among populations with a heavy smoking history. Smoking remains a significant global health concern, with adverse impacts on respiratory health and overall well-being. The proposed framework integrates socio-demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status, with knowledge of respiratory diseases and awareness of pulmonary function risks to identify key drivers of smoking behaviors. It emphasizes how these determinants interact to influence the initiation of smoking, sustain smoking habits, and affect the likelihood of cessation. The framework also addresses critical barriers to cessation, including health literacy gaps, cultural influences, and access to healthcare services, particularly in populations with long-term smoking habits. By highlighting the role of awareness about respiratory health risks, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, the study underscores the importance of targeted interventions and education campaigns in promoting cessation and preventing initiation. This conceptual model provides a foundation for designing evidence-based strategies that enhance smoking prevention and cessation programs. It aims to guide public health initiatives and inform policy decisions by offering insights into the multifaceted nature of smoking behavior. The framework serves as a starting point for future empirical research, with the ultimate goal of reducing the burden of smoking-related diseases and improving health outcomes in vulnerable populations.

Artificial Intelligence in Commercial Contracting: The Mediating Role of Governance and Ethical Considerations in Saudi Arabia

abdulaziz alajmi — 2025-10-13

This paper develops a conceptual framework that examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in commercial contract formation, focusing on the mediating influence of governance and ethical considerations. As AI continues to reshape legal processes by improving accuracy and efficiency, challenges such as bias, privacy concerns, and compliance with legal standards emerge, particularly in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly digitizing economy. This study identifies gaps in understanding how governance frameworks and ethical principles, including transparency, fairness, and accountability, moderate AI's impact on contract formation. The proposed model integrates AI, governance, and ethics, providing insights for policymakers, legal professionals, and businesses. The paper emphasizes the need for robust governance mechanisms and ethical oversight to ensure AI’s responsible application in commercial contracts. Finally, it offers practical recommendations for the Saudi Arabian legal system, addressing the unique legal and cultural factors that influence AI adoption in contract law.

Return-Based Indicators and Investor Reaction to Dividends: A Sectoral Panel Study of the Saudi Market

Amal Aljubaily — 2025-09-08

This study investigates the stock market reaction to dividend announcements in Saudi Arabia, with particular emphasis on return-based indicators and sectoral differences. Dividend announcements represent one of the most important corporate signals of financial strength, especially in emerging markets characterized by high information asymmetry and a strong presence of retail investors. Using a dataset of sixty-eight firms listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange over the period 2014 to 2023, the research applies a dual methodology that combines event study analysis with sectoral panel regressions. The findings confirm that dividend announcements generate positive abnormal returns, with reactions persisting beyond the immediate announcement day, indicating that information is incorporated gradually rather than instantaneously. Stronger market responses were observed in stable and regulated industries such as banking, telecommunications, and energy, while weaker reactions occurred in insurance and consumer services. Firm-level financial indicators, including return on equity, dividend yield, and price share return, emerged as critical determinants of investor response, reinforcing the explanatory power of classical dividend theories. At the same time, the findings emphasize that market interpretation is highly dependent on sectoral context, suggesting that dividend announcements should be evaluated within the broader structure of industry dynamics, profitability, and liquidity.

Job Autonomy: A Concept Analysis

ahmad alshammari — 2025-11-13

Job autonomy plays a pivotal role in shaping motivation, engagement, and performance across modern organizational and educational systems. Within the Saudi education sector, autonomy has emerged as a fundamental element in advancing innovation, professional development, and institutional effectiveness. Clarifying the conceptual boundaries and attributes of job autonomy is essential for enhancing organizational performance and aligning human capital strategies with national development priorities. This paper conducts a concept analysis to elucidate the meaning, defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of job autonomy while identifying its empirical referents within educational and organizational contexts. Employing Walker and Avant’s (2011) eight-step method, the study systematically reviewed thirty empirical and theoretical works published between 2020 and 2025, following a PRISMA-style approach to ensure rigor in identifying and synthesizing relevant literature. The analysis revealed three defining attributes of job autonomy: decision-making freedom, task discretion, and self-regulation. Empowering leadership, supportive work environments, and access to professional development emerged as key antecedents, while the consequences included enhanced engagement, creativity, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. Empirical referents were identified through validated instruments measuring autonomy, engagement, and self-efficacy. The findings position job autonomy as a multidimensional construct with substantial implications for educational leadership and workforce management. Cultivating autonomy-supportive environments not only boosts individual and institutional outcomes but also contributes to sustainable growth and excellence in the Saudi education system

Implementing Parent-Child Drama and Rhythmic Play for Early Childhood Development: An Applied Study of Home-Kindergarten Collaborative Models

Jingru Wang — 2025-07-17

Strong family-kindergarten partnerships are vital for young children’s growth but often face hurdles like limited parental involvement and cultural differences. This study examines how parent-child drama and rhythmic play activities, rooted in embodied learning theory (using movement to boost learning) and Saito Kimiko’s “Sakura Sakuranbo Rhythm” approach (focusing on movement and sensory skills), foster child development and family-school ties. Over a 5-month kindergarten semester, 35 children aged 4–5 years in a diverse urban kindergarten participated in weekly sessions. Through observations and teacher questionnaires, we found that most children (70–80%) improved in cognitive engagement, social-emotional behaviors, and motor skills. Parent-child bonds strengthened, with 80–85% of pairs showing better emotional connection and communication. Teachers reported stronger collaboration with families, with ratings rising from 3.4 to 4.4. Blending Japanese rhythmic play with Western dramatic activities, this low-cost model, needing only books and music, suits diverse preschool settings. Despite a small urban sample and short timeframe, the findings suggest a practical way to enhance early learning and family engagement. Future research should explore long-term effects and broader applications.

The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Quality of Internal Audit in the Libyan Banking Sector

mohamed IL SHARSHAT — 2025-10-13

This study investigates the influence of Digital Transformation (DT) on the quality of the Internal Audit (IA) function in Libyan commercial banks. Employing a quantitative, descriptive-analytical methodology, data were collected from 158 audit professionals across major Libyan commercial banks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a robust, statistically significant positive effect of DT adoption on overall IA quality (R² = 0.616, p < 0.001). The most pronounced effect was on the Efficiency of Audit Execution (β = 0.785), followed by the Quality of Planning (β = 0.512), and the Development of Professional Competencies (β = 0.490). These findings demonstrate that DT, facilitated by technologies such as Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and Big Data Analytics, facilitates a shift from traditional, sample-based auditing to a proactive, continuous, and risk-oriented paradigm. Nonetheless, the analysis underscores persistent challenges related to infrastructure deficiencies and skills gaps. Recommendations include prioritizing investments in automation tools and establishing dedicated digital audit units within Libyan banks, alongside modernizing regulatory frameworks by the Central Bank of Libya to align with technological progress.

Factors Influencing Green Entrepreneurship Implementation Among Malaysian Oil and Gas Small and Medium Enterprises

Mohd Najib Md Saad — 2025-08-27

Scholars have recently concluded that green entrepreneurship is crucial to creating new economic prospects for sustainable development. Although there have been many recent studies in this area, little is known about how green entrepreneurship drivers help companies in the oil and gas industry move toward sustainable green practices. This study aims to fill the current research vacuum by clarifying the elements impacting green entrepreneurship in Malaysian oil and gas small and medium-sized businesses (OGSMEs). 3834 OGSMEs in Malaysia will have their data gathered using stratified random sampling. The study will use a cross-sectional survey approach, and SPSS version 29.0 and PLS-SEM version 4.0 will be used for data analysis. This study gives policymakers, government agencies, and business experts a better understanding of the variables affecting green entrepreneurship in the oil and gas industries. The results make it easier to create rules and policies that will improve the oil and gas sector's sustainability.

Professional Development: A Concept Analysis

falaih alshammari — 2025-11-13

Annual evaluations are essential mechanisms for assessing school performance and enhancing administrative effectiveness, particularly within the context of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 educational transformation goals. The integration of professional development into evaluation systems has gained increasing attention, yet the relationship between evaluation practices and performance development remains conceptually unclear. This study aims to explore and clarify the concept of annual evaluations in relation to school administration performance through the lens of professional development. Using Walker and Avant’s (2011) eight-step method of concept analysis, a systematic literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed sources published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on evaluation systems, professional learning, and educational leadership. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed to identify defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concept. Findings reveal that effective evaluation systems are characterized by continuous feedback, reflective practice, structured training, and alignment with institutional goals. Their successful implementation is preceded by supportive policies, active leadership involvement, and access to sustained learning opportunities. When properly integrated, these evaluations contribute to strengthened school leadership, increased teacher motivation, and the cultivation of a culture of continuous improvement. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that annual evaluations, when aligned with professional development, transcend their traditional accountability function to become strategic tools for leadership capacity-building and institutional advancement. Aligning evaluation frameworks with developmental initiatives is thus critical for effective educational management and long-term performance enhancement

Employee Empowerment and Innovative Behavior: Analyzing the Role of Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Culture as Catalysts for High-Performance Work Systems

Sami Akrom — 2025-07-08

This study investigates the relationship between employee empowerment and innovative behavior within the context of high-performance work systems (HPWS), with particular emphasis on the moderating and mediating roles of emotional intelligence and organizational culture. Drawing on the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) framework and Social Exchange Theory (SET), the research examines how psychological and cultural dimensions interact with empowerment practices to foster innovation among employees in a public-sector setting. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting data from 216 employees in the Civil Registry Authority in Tripoli, Libya. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderation/mediation analyses were conducted to test hypothesized relationships. Findings reveal that employee empowerment significantly predicts innovative behavior, while emotional intelligence emerges as a powerful mediator and moderator in this relationship. Organizational culture further enhances the impact of empowerment on innovation when characterized by openness, support, and adaptability. The study contributes to the literature by contextualizing empowerment-driven innovation within resource-constrained public institutions and by integrating emotional and cultural constructs into the operational model of HPWS. Implications for managerial practice and organizational policy are discussed, emphasizing the importance of aligning HR strategies with psychological capabilities and cultural conditions to sustain innovation

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Sustainable Human Resource Practices Within Saudi Medium-sized Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Digital Skill Development

mohammad alzoori — 2025-10-13

This study investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Sustainable Human Resource Practices (SHRP) within Saudi medium-sized enterprises, emphasizing the mediating role of Digital Skill Development (DSD). Anchored in the context of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the global push for digital transformation, the research adopts a quantitative methodology, utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed to 384 HR professionals and employees across various sectors. Data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS to evaluate both direct and indirect relationships among AI, DSD, and SHRP. The findings reveal that AI has a significant positive influence on both DSD and SHRP. However, DSD does not exhibit a direct effect on SHRP but plays a partial mediating role, enhancing the impact of AI on sustainable HR outcomes. This suggests that while digital skills alone may not drive sustainable practices, they are essential for amplifying the benefits of AI integration in HR functions. The study contributes to theoretical frameworks such as the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities Theory by highlighting the interdependence of technology and workforce competencies in achieving strategic sustainability. Practically, the results underscore the need for Saudi SMEs to align AI adoption with workforce upskilling initiatives to ensure a holistic and effective HR transformation. The study offers policy and managerial recommendations to support this alignment and suggests avenues for future research in emerging markets. Overall, the research provides timely insights into how AI and digital competence can be leveraged to enhance sustainable HRM in technologically evolving organizational contexts

Strategic Leadership, E-Service Quality, and Customer Retention: A Theoretical Framework for Digital Transformation

Yousef Alruwaili — 2025-08-27

In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, strategic leadership plays a crucial role in driving digital transformation across industries, particularly in telecommunications. This paper proposes a theoretical framework that explores the relationship between strategic leadership, e-service quality, and customer retention, with a focus on how leadership-driven digital initiatives can enhance service quality and foster customer loyalty. E-service quality, defined by factors such as user-friendliness, reliability, personalization, and security, serves as a critical mediator between leadership and retention, influencing customer experiences and satisfaction. Despite the recognized importance of these elements, there is a gap in understanding how strategic leadership directly impacts e-service quality and how this, in turn, affects customer retention. The proposed framework addresses these gaps by highlighting the integral role of leadership in promoting continuous innovation and service excellence. Through this model, telecommunications companies, such as Saudi Telecom Company (STC), can better align leadership strategies with e-service improvements to meet the evolving demands of digital customers, ensuring long-term loyalty. The study emphasizes the need for further empirical research to validate the proposed relationships and explore additional factors, such as customer engagement and the role of emerging technologies like AI, that may influence the dynamics between e-service quality and retention in the digital era.

Crisis-Resilient Ownership Models in Libyan Football Clubs: Navigating Post-Conflict Volatility Through Foreign Investment and Governance Reforms

abdulgawad Busadra — 2025-11-13

Libyan football clubs face significant challenges due to political instability, economic volatility, and post-conflict recovery needs, necessitating innovative ownership models to ensure financial and operational resilience. This review paper explores the potential of crisis-resilient ownership models, inspired by foreign investment-backed takeovers in global football, within the context of the Libyan Premier League. Drawing on risk management and economic resilience frameworks from 2025 management research, the paper analyzes how such models can address chronic underfunding, enhance infrastructure, and improve governance in a turbulent environment. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of global case studies, the study examines the opportunities for foreign investment-driven takeovers to diversify revenue, strengthen talent acquisition, and boost community engagement, while considering Libya’s regulatory landscape, global transfer market constraints, and socio-political sensitivities. Findings suggest that foreign-backed ownership models can enhance resilience but require robust governance structures and localized stakeholder engagement strategies to mitigate risks such as fan alienation or political backlash. This paper contributes to the academic discourse on sustainable football management in emerging markets, offering a theoretical framework and practical recommendations for Libyan clubs to thrive in a complex socio-economic context.

Enhancing Fundamental Movement Skills in Primary School Physical Education: An Exploratory Mixed-Method Study in China

Gan Li — 2025-09-24

This study explores the role of physical education in enhancing Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) among primary school students in China. Using a sequential mixed-method design, quantitative data were collected from 180 students, complemented by qualitative insights from 20 physical education teachers. Guided by a conceptual framework, the study examined curriculum design, teaching quality, and infrastructure availability as independent variables, student motivation as a mediator, and FMS proficiency as the dependent variable. Structural equation modeling confirmed significant direct and mediated relationships, with reliability and validity established for all constructs. Qualitative findings highlighted systemic barriers such as inadequate facilities and time constraints, yet also emphasized innovative pedagogical practices that enhanced student motivation. The study concludes with recommendations for curriculum reform, teacher training, and infrastructure improvements. Findings provide a pathway for integrating evidence-based strategies into Chinese primary schools to foster physical literacy and lifelong engagement in active living.

The Determinants of Patient Safety; A Systematic Review

nashwa Barnawi — 2025-11-25

Patient safety has emerged as a central concern in contemporary healthcare, driven by the persistent occurrence of preventable harm and systemic failures that continue to compromise outcomes across a variety of clinical settings. Although considerable global efforts have been directed toward improving safety, the determinants that influence patient safety remain inherently complex, involving a web of behavioral, organizational, and contextual factors that interact across multiple levels of the healthcare system. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on the key determinants of patient safety, exploring how individual actions, institutional practices, and broader system-level dynamics shape safety-related outcomes. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of major scholarly databases was conducted, focusing on studies published between 2020 and 2025 that examined predictors or influencing factors of patient safety. Using a thematic synthesis approach, the review categorized findings into behavioral, organizational, and contextual domains. A total of thirty studies met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. The results indicate that behavioral factors such as clinical decision-making skills, professional competence, and systems-thinking capabilities significantly impact safety performance. At the organizational level, determinants including adequate staffing, a robust safety culture, effective leadership, and reliable incident reporting mechanisms were found to be strongly associated with positive safety outcomes. Contextual influences, such as workload pressure, patient overcrowding, diagnostic complexity, and deficiencies in clinical monitoring, also emerged as critical contributors to safety incidents. Collectively, these determinants shape patterns of adverse events, reporting practices, and the overall performance of patient safety systems. In conclusion, patient safety is a dynamic and multifactorial construct shaped by the interaction of individual behaviors, organizational frameworks, and environmental conditions. Enhancing patient safety requires coordinated strategies that promote frontline engagement, strong leadership, optimized staffing models, and the implementation of continuous learning mechanisms. Adopting a systems-based approach is essential for reducing preventable harm and ensuring the quality, safety, and resilience of healthcare delivery.

Medical and Dental Students’ Perceptions of Digital and Traditional Anatomy Dissection: A Comparative Study at MAHSA University

Mahalingam Munisamy — 2025-08-21

This study explores the shift from traditional cadaver dissection to digital methods in anatomy education at MAHSA University, focusing on the perceptions of 860 medical (MBBS) and dental (DDS) students. Prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the research aimed to assess student preferences, the effectiveness of digital tools, and the challenges involved compared to conventional practices. Using a cross-sectional survey and SPSS analysis, five key factors were identified from 26 variables, covering technological, contextual, pedagogical, and course-related issues. Results showed that over half of the students supported integrating digital tools, especially for improving structure visualization, offering flexible access to content, and aiding exam preparation. About 35% of students remained neutral, reflecting uncertainty or mixed opinions. While many acknowledged the discomforts of cadaver dissection—such as exposure to chemicals and ethical concerns—most were hesitant to fully abandon traditional methods, valuing the hands-on experience and deeper understanding it provides. The findings offer valuable insights for educators and curriculum developers, emphasizing the need to balance technological innovation with essential practical training in anatomy education.

The Determinants of Commercial Contract Formation: A Systematic Review

abdulaziz alajmi — 2025-10-13

The formation of commercial contracts has undergone a significant transformation, extending beyond the classical offer-and-acceptance framework to incorporate behavioral, economic, and technological influences that characterize contemporary business interactions. In an era defined by globalization and digital transformation, traditional notions of consent, trust, and enforceability have been reshaped, while emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain have revolutionized how agreements are initiated, executed, and monitored. These advancements have contributed to increased efficiency and transparency, yet they have also introduced complex challenges related to accountability, jurisdiction, and risk. This systematic review explores the primary determinants affecting contract formation, examining how legal, behavioral, economic, and technological dimensions intersect to influence contractual processes. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, the review analyzed 34 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025, encompassing a wide range of jurisdictions and sectors. The analysis identified six interrelated determinants: legal and institutional structures, economic considerations, behavioral dynamics, technological advancements, negotiation strategies, and mechanisms of dispute resolution. While legal certainty and harmonization remain fundamental, behavioral factors such as trust and perceptions of fairness contribute critically to contract sustainability. Meanwhile, technological tools particularly digital platforms and smart contracts enhance procedural efficiency but pose new questions regarding interpretation and enforcement. Ultimately, this study highlights that effective contract formation today requires a careful balance between automation and safeguards rooted in legal, ethical, and procedural norms. A comprehensive, adaptive approach that integrates legal harmonization, behavioral understanding, and technological governance is imperative for building trust and accountability in the evolving landscape of commercial contracting.

Exploring Strategic Choices and Renewable Energy Adoption in Saudi Arabian SMEs: The Mediating Role of Environmental Consciousness and Stakeholder Engagement

Adel alsharari — 2025-09-08

This conceptual paper investigates the influence of strategic choices on the adoption of renewable energy by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, with an emphasis on the mediating roles of environmental consciousness and stakeholder engagement. Against the backdrop of Vision 2030, renewable energy adoption is not just a national priority but a critical element in the global shift toward sustainability and economic diversification. In Saudi Arabia, where SMEs are pivotal contributors to the economy, their participation in this energy transition is paramount. However, research examining the interplay between strategic decision-making and renewable energy adoption in this sector remains sparse. This study proposes a conceptual framework to address the gap, exploring how strategic choices shape the integration of renewable energy and the roles that environmental consciousness and stakeholder engagement play in mediating this relationship. The framework integrates proactive entrepreneurial behavior, green innovation, and strategic leadership as key drivers of sustainability. By doing so, it offers policymakers, business leaders, and sustainability advocates practical insights into how SMEs can navigate the challenges of renewable energy adoption and leverage strategic choices for long-term competitiveness and environmental responsibility. The proposed framework also provides a foundation for future empirical research, highlighting the critical role of integrated strategies in achieving Saudi Arabia's sustainability goals under Vision 2030.

The Impact of Strategic Leadership on the Management of Non-Profit Organizations Performance: A Systematic Review

menwer alshammari — 2025-11-13

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) play a vital role in advancing community welfare, delivering essential services, and supporting national development priorities. In Saudi Arabia, the nonprofit sector has gained increased prominence within the framework of Vision 2030, which highlights sustainability, innovation, and effective governance. Strategic leadership has emerged as a critical factor in shaping decision-making processes, human capital development, and accountability within these organizations. Despite this, systematic understanding of how leadership strategies influence nonprofit management and long-term sustainability in the Saudi context remains limited. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the impact of strategic leadership on the management, performance, and sustainability of nonprofit organizations in Saudi Arabia. Drawing on studies published between 2020 and 2025 and selected through a rigorous PRISMA 2020-guided process, 30 eligible studies were thematically analyzed to uncover patterns related to leadership practices, governance frameworks, and organizational outcomes. The results reveal that strategic leadership enhances nonprofit performance by promoting ethical governance, encouraging innovation, and fostering stakeholder engagement. Effective leaders align organizational missions with national development goals, thereby increasing adaptability, financial resilience, and staff motivation. In addition, leadership development initiatives and gender inclusion strategies emerged as essential contributors to sectoral transformation and long-term organizational sustainability. Overall, strategic leadership is positioned as a key driver of innovation, effectiveness, and resilience in nonprofit institutions. Strengthening leadership capacities and aligning governance practices with Vision 2030 objectives are essential steps for ensuring the sustainable growth and impact of Saudi Arabia’s nonprofit sector. Future research should pursue longitudinal and comparative approaches to understand how leadership models adapt across diverse institutional and cultural settings

The Socio-Demographic and Psychosocial Drivers of Smoking Initiation and Cessation: A Systematic Literature Review

Fatemah ALShakhs — 2025-07-24

Tobacco use remains one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Understanding the multifaceted drivers of smoking initiation and cessation is critical for developing effective public health interventions, particularly in light of persistent health disparities. This systematic literature review explores the socio-demographic and psychosocial factors that influence smoking behaviors across diverse populations. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across major academic databases. Forty-seven peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 were included based on relevance, methodological rigor, and thematic alignment. Studies were screened and analyzed using thematic synthesis to identify key variables influencing smoking initiation and cessation. The review identified several recurring socio-demographic predictors including age, gender, educational attainment, and socioeconomic status. Adolescents, individuals with lower education and income, and males in low- and middle-income countries exhibited higher rates of initiation. In contrast, older adults and individuals with higher health literacy were more likely to attempt and succeed in cessation. Psychosocial factors such as mental health conditions, peer and family influence, cultural norms, and access to support services significantly shaped both initiation and cessation outcomes. Notably, the interaction between structural disadvantage and psychosocial vulnerability emerged as a critical barrier to successful cessation. Smoking behavior is the outcome of a complex interplay between socio-demographic positioning and psychosocial context. Effective tobacco control strategies must address these intersecting factors through culturally tailored, equity-driven interventions. Future research should prioritize underrepresented populations and explore integrated, context-specific cessation approaches that align with individuals’ lived experiences.

The Impact of Organizational and Professional Factors on Internal Audit Effectiveness: An Empirical Study of Libya Post Company

mohamed IL SHARSHAT — 2025-10-13

This study empirically investigates the factors influencing the effectiveness of the Internal Audit Function (IAF) in the Libya Post Company, as perceived by its internal auditors. The research focuses on four key independent variables: Internal Auditor Independence, Internal Auditor Competence and Experience, Senior Management Support, and Cooperation between Internal and External Auditors. Internal Audit Effectiveness serves as the dependent variable. Employing a descriptive analytical methodology, data was collected via a survey questionnaire from internal auditors within the company.The results indicate that cooperation between internal and external auditors had the most significant positive impact on enhancing IAF effectiveness (Beta = 0.492, p=0.002), followed by competence and professional experience (Beta = 0.356, p=0.030), and senior management support (Beta = 0.299, p=0.031). Internal auditor independence was positively correlated (r=0.421) but did not show a statistically significant direct impact in the full regression model (Beta = 0.188, p=0.267). The study recommends formalizing cooperation, enhancing competence through training, and strengthening practical management support.

Human Resource Development in Education: systematic literature review

Somaya Al-Hajjouj — 2025-08-27

This systematic literature review (SLR) examines the evolving field of Human Resource Development (HRD) in education, synthesizing insights from 42 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024. Guided by PRISMA methodology, the review explores how HRD has been conceptualized, implemented, and measured across diverse educational contexts. Key themes identified include competency-based HRD frameworks, the integration of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in professional development, sustainable and green HRD practices, inclusive and intergenerational learning approaches, and the alignment of HRD with national human capital development goals. The findings indicate that HRD has become a strategic function in educational institutions, contributing not only to educator effectiveness and institutional performance but also to broader societal outcomes such as equity, innovation, and sustainable development. However, the review also reveals significant challenges, including conceptual ambiguity, limited empirical evaluation, technological inequity, and underrepresentation of Global South perspectives. Future research is needed to develop context-sensitive, impact-driven, and ethically grounded HRD models that respond to the complex demands of 21st-century education. This review contributes to the field by offering a comprehensive synthesis of current trends, identifying critical research gaps, and providing a roadmap for advancing HRD as a transformative force in education.

The Impact of Employee Development Programs on Employee Productivity: A Systematic Review

ahmad alshammari — 2025-11-13

Employee development programs are increasingly recognized as vital drivers of productivity and organizational performance, particularly within the education sector. In the context of Saudi Arabia’s educational reform and its emphasis on human capital development, training and engagement initiatives have become central to achieving institutional excellence and aligning with national transformation objectives. These programs not only enhance technical competencies but also foster motivation, collaboration, and a culture of continuous learning—key ingredients for long-term productivity. This systematic review examines the impact of employee development programs on productivity in the Saudi education sector, with particular attention to the mediating role of employee engagement. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were systematically identified, screened, and synthesized. From an initial pool of 418 studies, 30 met the inclusion criteria and represented a range of methodologies and educational settings. The findings indicate that development programs significantly enhance employee productivity, especially when integrated with engagement strategies, empowerment, and professional support. These initiatives contribute to higher job satisfaction, reduced turnover intentions, and improved institutional effectiveness. Furthermore, leadership practices, an organizational culture of learning, and alignment with strategic goals emerged as critical factors that amplify the effectiveness of development efforts. The review concludes that employee engagement is a key mechanism linking development programs to sustained productivity, and highlights the importance of supportive leadership, investment in lifelong learning, and the creation of engaging professional environments in fostering innovation and institutional growth

Critical Success Factors of Smart Factory Adoption Among Malaysian Electrical and Electronics SMEs

Wahadaniah Adb Wahab — 2025-07-08

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has led to the emergence of smart factories that integrate cyber-physical systems, IoT, AI, and big data to enhance production efficiency and flexibility. However, the adoption of smart factory technologies remains uneven, especially among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. This study investigates the critical success factors (CSFs) that influence the successful adoption of smart factory initiatives among Malaysian Electrical and Electronics (E&E) SMEs. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through a structured survey of 150 SMEs and in-depth interviews with 10 industry experts. The results reveal that top management commitment, technological readiness, workforce competency, government support, and financial capacity are significant predictors of adoption success. The findings offer practical recommendations for policymakers and business leaders aiming to accelerate Industry 4.0 transformation in the Malaysian SME sector

The Impact of Corporate Governance on Accounting Information Quality in the Libyan Telecommunications Sector: The Mediating Role of Digital Transformation

mohamed IL SHARSHAT — 2025-10-13

This study investigates the impact of corporate governance (CG) on accounting information quality (AIQ) in the Libyan telecommunications sector, with a focus on the mediating role of digital transformation (DT). Data were collected from 152 professionals across five major telecom firms in Tripoli using a structured questionnaire. Regression analysis and Hayes’ PROCESS macro revealed a significant direct effect of CG on AIQ (β = 0.438, p < 0.001), with DT partially mediating the relationship, accounting for 31.9% of the total effect (β = 0.205, 95% CI [0.124, 0.301]). These findings suggest that robust governance enhances AIQ both directly through oversight mechanisms and indirectly by fostering digital adoption, which improves data accuracy, timeliness, and reliability. The study emphasizes the need for Libyan telecom firms to integrate governance reforms with digital strategies to enhance transparency and attract investment, particularly in a post-conflict economic context.